![]() ![]() Many aspects of knowledge are investigated, and it plays a role in various disciplines. According to infinitism, an infinite chain of beliefs is needed. This claim is rejected by coherentists, who contend that a sufficient degree of coherence among all the mental states of the believer is necessary for knowledge. According to foundationalism, some of these sources are basic in the sense that they can justify beliefs without depending on other mental states. Other sources often discussed include memory, rational intuition, inference, and testimony. Many theorists also include introspection as a source of knowledge, not of external physical objects, but of one's own mental states. ![]() The most important source of empirical knowledge is perception, which is the usage of the senses. Others accept that justification is an essential aspect and formulate additional requirements. Some of them deny that justification is necessary and suggest alternative criteria. These controversies intensified due to a series of thought experiments by Edmund Gettier and have provoked various alternative definitions. This includes questions like whether justification is needed at all, how to understand it, and whether something else besides it is needed. While there is wide agreement among philosophers that propositional knowledge is a form of true belief, many controversies in philosophy focus on justification. Knowledge of facts, also called propositional knowledge, is often defined as true belief that is distinct from opinion or guesswork by virtue of justification. It is often understood as awareness of facts or as practical skills, and may also mean familiarity with objects or situations. Knowledge is a form of awareness or familiarity. ![]()
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